Inside node_modules there is .create-magento-app-cache folder. It contains all configuration files and a local instance of Composer:
Composer itself.
PHP-FPM configuration file.
Nginx configuration file.
Port configuration file.
In your projects root directory also will be created cma.js file that contains CMA configuration: Magento configuration, Docker services configuration, host and SSL configuration.
If you are upgrading an existing CMA project, old Magento configuration from app-config.json file inside cache folder will be converted to magento field in cma.js file.